Marine habitats are under severe stress, with 66 percent of coastal areas already degraded or altered. Among the most damaging activities are bottom-contact fisheries, which disturb nearly 5 million square kilometers of seafloor annually through widespread trawling. Other pressures, including marine litter and chemical pollutants, continue to disrupt essential ecosystem functions and threaten biodiversity. While oil and gas drilling typically affects localized areas, major accidents—such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill—have had lasting impacts on deep-sea ecosystems.

With seabed mining expected to expand, vast sections of the ocean floor, including biodiversity hotspots like the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific, could face serious ecological risks.

The UN Agenda 2030 sets a goal of protecting 30 percent of the marine environment by the end of the decade. Two EU-funded projects, CLIMAREST and REDRESS, support this aim by testing restoration methods for both coastal and deep-sea habitats. Yet experts warn that protection alone may not be sufficient to halt biodiversity loss or restore ecosystem function.

"Reaching the 30 percent target may not reverse the damage already done to key marine habitats," says Roberto Danovaro, a professor at the Polytechnic University of Marche and coordinator of the REDRESS project. He emphasizes the need for active ecological restoration, particularly through the reintroduction of habitat-building organisms like mangroves, seagrass, kelp forests, coral reefs, and temperate animal forests.

Professor Simonetta Fraschetti of the University of Naples highlights the urgency of restoring coastal ecosystems, which are vital for maintaining biodiversity and supporting ecosystem processes. Passive restoration—removing disturbances and allowing natural recovery—can help, but Danovaro cautions that full recovery may take 100 to 200 years in some ecosystems, especially where habitat-forming species are slow to reestablish.

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"Active restoration methods, including stabilizing the seafloor and planting key organisms, can greatly speed up recovery," adds Cristina Gambi, REDRESS project manager and researcher at the Polytechnic University of Marche.

A recent article in Nature presents a meta-analysis of 764 marine restoration projects across different habitats worldwide. The study found a 64 percent average success rate, with particularly strong outcomes in saltmarshes, coral reefs, and habitats dominated by foundational species.

Fraschetti notes that emerging techniques in marine restoration are allowing efforts to scale up, even in degraded or heavily impacted areas. "We are seeing a growing number of success stories showing real recovery across various habitat types," she says.

Such outcomes are essential to encouraging broader participation in restoration efforts. "Success stories help inspire societal and private investment," Danovaro adds. "They are key to demonstrating that marine restoration can meaningfully contribute to meeting the targets of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration."